Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine whether there are differences between pregnant women with preterm and term births with reference to age, level of education, place of residence, number of check-ups and ultrasounds during the pregnancy, height, mass, body mass index (BMI), data from previous gynaecological and obstetrical history and data from examined pregnancy. Study design: The study was conducted as a retrospective case-control study. Participants and methods: The study included 100 women who had preterm labor and 100 women who had term labor in 2016 at Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek. Data were collected from patients’ medical records. Results: Women from two groups did not significantly differ by age, level of education, place of residence or anthropological features. Women with term labor gained more mass during the pregnancy. Women with preterm labor had a significantly lower number of check-ups and ultrasounds during the pregnancy. Two groups did not significantly differ in parity, gravidity or number of previous abortions, but there was a significantly higher number of women with preterm birth who had previous preterm births. Women with preterm births also had higher blood pressure upon the arrival at the hospital. The results did not demonstrate the association of diabetes, smoking or infection in pregnancy with preterm birth. 55 % of all women gave birth by C-section, without any significant difference in number of C-sections between the two groups. Conclusion: Age, level of education, place of residence and anthropological features do not affect the occurrence of preterm labor. Number of preterm births can be reduced by quality antenatal care. Among all the data from previous gynaecological and obstetrical history and the data from he studied pregnancy, only previous preterm births represent a risk factor for future preterm birth.