Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether the children of SOS Children's Village have a higher DMFT index than children living in biological families and whether SOS mothers have a better/poorer assessment of oral health from the assessment of biological mothers in rural and urban areas. All three investigated groups of children also studied the molar-invasive hypomineralization rate. Subjects and Methods: The research covered the children of the SOS Children's Village in Croatia and children from the biological families of the rural and urban areas. The children were examined by a visual-tactical method under standardized conditions of the World Health Organization. The DIAGNOdent pen unit reads the values of demineralization on the premolares and molars of permanent teeth. Before the dental examination, the children were measured body mass and height to calculate the body mass index. Calculated are dmft/DMFT, dmfs/DMFS and SiC indices. An analysis of completed questionnaires was made. Results: The children of the SOS Children's Village showed the lowest mean values of dft/dfs (2.42/3.31) and DMFT (1.61) of the index compared to children from rural and urban areas. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference (p=0.02) in the SiC index values among the examined children. Of the total examined teeth, the DIAGNOdent device values that determine the 1 and 2 stages of demineralization are read on a significantly larger number of molars. The frequency of MIH in children in SOS Children's Village is significantly higher (7.34%) than in other children. The ITM of all the examined groups indicates normal body weight. In the groups of children from the SOS Children's Village and rural areas compared to the children from the urban area as the most important factor by analyzing the main components was the oral hygiene. An equally important factor for all respondents is the assessment of oral health and nutrition habits. For a group of children from the SOS Children's Village, the least important factor is the socioeconomic status that is most significant for children from the urban area. Conclusion: Children from SOS Children's Village have the lowest dft/DMFT, dfs/DMFS and SiC indices. The MIH frequency in children in SOS Children's Village is highest. The most important factor influencing oral health in the SOS Children's Village group is oral hygiene, 60 and as a least significant socioeconomic status. The assessment of oral health by SOS mothers is not different from the assessment of biological mothers of rural and urban children.